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Iron in soil kaolins from Indonesia and Western Australia
- R. D. Hart, T. G. St Pierre, R. J . Gilkes, A. J. McKinley, S. Siradz, Balwant Singh
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- Journal:
- Clay Minerals / Volume 37 / Issue 4 / December 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 July 2018, pp. 671-685
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Soil kaolins from Indonesia and Western Australia and a range of reference kaolins were studied using Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry. Mössbauer spectra indicate that the Fe within the kaolins is in the highspin Fe3+ oxidation state and that a large fraction of the Fe is present as dispersed atoms residing within the octahedral sites of the kaolinite crystal structure. The EPR spectra are typical for soil kaolins except for the absence of radiation-induced defects for the Indonesian kaolins. The Fe(I) spectra are dominant with a strong symmetric peak at g= 4.3, the presence of Fe(II) spectra is shown by a shoulder on this peak at g= 4.9 and a small phase up peak at g= 9.2.
Low-temperature (5 K) magnetization (M) measurements over large field (H) sweeps (±70 kOe) yielded M(H) curves which are fitted well with Brillouin functions indicating the paramagnetic nature of the kaolins at temperatures down to 5 K. A very small remanent magnetization was detectable in the kaolins. Remanent magnetization to saturation magnetization ratios ranged from 10–4 to 10–3 for the Indonesian kaolins and were all ∼10–3 for the Western Australian kaolins, indicating that at high fields the vast majority of the magnetization of the kaolins is due to paramagnetic ions.
Zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization measurements in small fields (500 Oe) indicate that the Indonesian kaolins are generally free from magnetically-blocked material down to a temperature of 5 K. The magnetic susceptibility of the Indonesian kaolins shows Curie Law behaviour indicating paramagnetic behaviour over all temperatures down to 5 K. Measurements on the Western Australian kaolins indicated the presence of some magnetic material that is magnetically blocked at temperatures below ∼200 250 K. As a consequence, the magnetic susceptibility showed large deviations from Curie Law behaviour.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. 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- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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5 - The West
- from Boundaries
- Edited by Nicholas Rzhevsky, State University of New York, Stony Brook
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- The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture
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- 28 May 2006
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- 25 February 1999, pp 85-102
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Summary
Throughout her history, Russia has assumed an ambivalent attitude toward the West, an attitude conditioned by the diverse sources of initial contact. The influence of Byzantium, realized through Russia’s conversion to Christianity toward the end of the tenth century, was of signal importance. By devising an alphabet for the spoken language, her missionaries gave the Kievan state access to an established literature and facilitated the further development of an indigenous culture based upon the tenets of Orthodoxy. Yet the Greek heritage common to the cultures of Europe assumed particular forms of expression in Russia.
Many of the documents which were available in translation contributed to a conservative definition of the relations between church and state and of the ruler’s rights and duties. Together with Christian doctrine, they were “incorporated into the political structure of the state of Kiev … [and] became a basis for Russia’s further evolution.”1 With the decline of more democratic traditions during the ensuing period of Mongol conquest, this autocratic inheritance from Byzantium gained the ascendancy, putting its stamp upon the emerging state of Muscovy.
The fragmentation of Kievan Rus’ altered the primary means of communication with the West, Novgorod assuming central importance by virtue of its location on the trade routes linking Northern Europe with the Middle East. A high rate of literacy among its landowning classes and the assembly of free citizens in the veche or town council contributed to the success of a republican form of government quite unlike Moscow’s. Its function as one of medieval Europe’s most important manufacturing towns and its close commercial ties to the Hanseatic League further strengthened its identity with the West.
Das Märchen In Der Tschechischen Literatur Von 1790 Bis 1860: Studien Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte Des Märchens Als Literarischer Gattung. By Gudrun Longer. Osteuropastudien der Hochschulen des Landes Hessen, 3. Frankfurter Abhandlungen zur Slavistik, vol. 28. Giessen: Wilhelm Schmitz Verlag, 1979. xii, 573 pp. DM 48, paper.
- Pierre R. Hart
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- Slavic Review / Volume 40 / Issue 4 / Winter 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 January 2017, pp. 684-685
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- Winter 1981
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Grown-Up Narrator and Childlike Hero: An Analysis of The Literary Devices Employed in Tolstoj's Trilogy Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth. By Alexander F. Zweers. The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1971. 165 pp. 32 Dglds.
- Pierre R. Hart
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- Slavic Review / Volume 32 / Issue 3 / September 1973
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 January 2017, pp. 658-659
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- September 1973
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Mirza and Mistress in Derzhavin's “Felitsa” Poetry
- Pierre R. Hart
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- Slavic Review / Volume 31 / Issue 3 / September 1972
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 January 2017, pp. 583-591
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- September 1972
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Encumbered by an accumulation of rhetorical devices, the panegyric ode seemed an unlikely vehicle for poetic innovation. Yet when Gavriil Derzhavin, after more than a decade of literary activity, turned once again to the celebration of that most illustrious of subjects, the Empress Catherine, he was rewarded with the immediate recognition of both his fellow writers and the monarch herself for his impressive success in the genre. Although odes previously written had given evidence of the poet's competency in working with this form, it was with “Felitsa” and “A Mirza's Vision” that he demonstrated his capacity for transcending its limitations. While seeming to accept the conventions of established genres, he subtly subverted them through recombinations which stressed the importance of a more subjective poetic vision.
Of particular significance was Derzhavin's introduction of both thematic and stylistic elements from the “oriental tale,” a prose genre which enjoyed considerable popularity throughout much of the eighteenth century. In terms of narrative stance, this provided the poet with an alternative to the traditionally anonymous role of the panegyrist. Clad in the disguise of the oriental moralist or mirza, he could address his sovereign in direct and uninhibited fashion and simultaneously create an impression of his own worth as a poet. In both odes it was the relationship between mirza and mistress or, more specifically, the poet's conception of his role in the service of the empress which lent much of the freshness to these works.